End User Accounts of Dark Patterns as Felt Manipulation

Manipulation defines many of our experiences as a consumer, including subtle nudges and overt advertising campaigns that seek to gain attention money. With the advent digital services can continuously optimize online favor stakeholder requirements, increasingly designers developers make use "dark patterns"-forms manipulation prey on human psychology-to encourage certain behaviors discourage others in ways present unequal value end user. In this paper, we provide an account user perceptions builds extends notions dark patterns. We report results survey users conducted English Mandarin Chinese (n=169), follow-up interviews from nine respondents. used card sorting method support thematic analysis responses each cultural context, identifying both qualitatively-supported insights describe users' felt manipulative products continuum manipulation. further through descriptive presentation examples interviews. conclude with implications for future research, considerations public policy, guidance how empower give autonomy their services.